What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. In Australia, cervical cancer screening programs and vaccination have significantly reduced the number of cases previously recorded, yet, according to Cancer Australia, around 900 women are diagnosed annually — highlighting the importance of early detection and regular screening.

Most cases of cervical cancer develop slowly over time, often beginning with abnormal cell changes in the cervix. These changes can usually be detected early through routine cervical screening tests, which help prevent cancer from developing. Regular appointments with your GP and participation in the National Cervical Screening Program can play a major role in protecting your long-term health.

FACTS ON THIS PAGE

• What Causes Cervical Cancer?
• Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
• Screening for Cervical Cancer
• Cervical Cancer Treatment
• When Should I See a GP?
• How Can My GP Help Prevent and Treat Cervical Cancer?
• FAQs
• Contact Your GP

What Causes Cervical Cancer?

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. HPV is a common virus spread through sexual contact, and while most infections clear naturally, some high-risk strains can lead to abnormal cervical cell changes.

Key cervical cancer risk factors include:

• Persistent HPV infection
• Not participating in regular cervical screening
• Smoking and vaping
• Weakened immune system
• Long-term use of certain contraceptives
• Early sexual activity or multiple sexual partners

Australia’s HPV vaccination program lowers the risk of cervical cancer by protecting participants against the most common cancer-causing HPV strains. Information about screening and prevention is available through the Australian Centre for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer and Cancer Council Australia.

Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Early symptoms of cervical cancer may not be noticeable, which is why routine screening is essential. However, symptoms often include:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding, including bleeding between periods or after sex
• Pain during intercourse
• Pelvic pain
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Heavier or longer menstrual periods

It’s essential to note that these symptoms can be caused by various other conditions. But if they persist, you should seek medical advice from your GP.

Screening for Cervical Cancer

Australia has one of the most effective cervical cancer screening programs in the world. The Cervical Screening Test looks for high-risk HPV types that may lead to cervical cancer.

Under the National Cervical Screening Program, people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 are encouraged to have a cervical screening test every five years. Information about this program is available through the Department of Health, Disability, and Ageing.

Screening can:

• Detect HPV infection early
• Identify abnormal cells before they become cancerous
• Reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer

Cervical Cancer Treatment

If cervical cancer is diagnosed, treatment will depend on the stage and individual health needs. However, when detected early through cervical screening tests, treatment outcomes are often very positive. Common cervical cancer treatment options are:

• Surgery to remove cancerous tissue
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapies in some cases

When Should I See a GP?

You should consider booking an appointment with a GP if you:

• Are due for your cervical screening test
• Notice unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge
• Experience ongoing pelvic pain
• Have concerns about HPV infection or cervical health

How Can My GP Help Prevent and Treat Cervical Cancer?

Your GP plays an important role in both the prevention and management of cervical cancer. They can provide cervical screening tests, discuss HPV vaccination and prevention strategies, investigate any concerning symptoms, and arrange further tests if needed. If specialised care is required, your GP can also refer you to the appropriate specialists. In addition, they offer ongoing women’s health care and guidance on regular cancer screening to help support your long-term health.

FAQs

What is the difference between a Pap smear and a Cervical Screening Test?
In Australia, the Pap smear has largely been replaced by the Cervical Screening Test as part of the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care National Cervical Screening Program. The Pap test looked for abnormal cervical cells, while the newer cervical screening test first checks for human papillomavirus (HPV). If HPV is detected, the sample is then checked for abnormal cells.

How often should I have cervical cancer screening?
Most people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 should have a cervical screening test every five years if their previous results were normal. Regular cervical cancer screening helps detect HPV and early cell changes before cancer develops. Guidelines and updates about screening are available from Cancer Council Australia.

Can cervical cancer develop without symptoms?
YES. Early cervical cancer often develops without noticeable symptoms. This is why routine cervical cancer screening is so important. Screening can detect HPV or abnormal cells long before symptoms appear, which allows for early treatment and better health outcomes.

Does the HPV vaccine eliminate the need for screening?
No. While the HPV vaccine significantly reduces the risk of developing cervical cancer, it does not protect against all cancer-causing HPV types. People who’ve received the vaccine should still participate in regular cervical screening tests according to Australian guidelines.

Contact Your GP

Regular cervical cancer screening can save lives. If you’re due for a cervical screening test or have concerns about cervical cancer symptoms, the team at Research Medical Centre can help. Book an appointment or learn more about women’s health screening — contact us today.